Biological Risks of Using Non-Thermal Non-Ionizing Electromagnetic Fields
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.20535/ibb.2020.4.2.202452Keywords:
Technogenic electromagnetic radiation, Biological effects, Microwave therapy, Biological risksAbstract
Electromagnetic pollution of the environment has become a significant environmental factor. The intensity of technogenic electromagnetic fields far exceeds the background indicators to which organisms have adapted in the course of evolution, in particular by their biorhythms. Much data on the biological effects of low-intensity (non-thermal) extremely high-frequency electromagnetic fields (EHF-EMF) at different levels of the organization has been accumulated. There are many possible explanations for these impacts, but the mechanism of action is not established.
The purpose of this work is to analyze the negative effects of the use of non-thermal coherent electromagnetic radiation of extremely high frequencies. In particular, the use of microwave therapy is considered.
A review of reports on the harmful effects of non-ionizing electromagnetic and magnetic fields among the population and professional groups has been made; the presence of the problem of hypersensitivity to such fields was shown. Information on the development of the direction of study of the resonant biological influence of EHF-EMF by Ukrainian specialists was provided.
Particular attention is paid to the use of non-thermal microwaves for physiotherapy procedures, pain relief, correction of psycho-emotional disorders, ulcer healing, in particular stomach and duodenum, etc. It is noted that the so-called "therapeutic" frequencies of EHF-EMF, even if controlled, can cause negative effects, although they are not perceived as damaging. Changes in objective vital signs in the case of targeted exposure by low-intensity millimeter-wave radiation, namely, hemodynamics, temperature increase in the exposure zone, muscle activity, and the speed of the passage of a nerve impulse, an encephalogram were established. Precautionary recommendations based on the scientific and practical experience of using microwave acupuncture methods in the conditions of medical institutions are formulated.
The synergistic effect of various influences, in particular electromagnetic fields, may not be a direct trigger of the disease, but a factor of not compensated stress. Therefore, clinical studies conducted many years ago cannot simply be dismissed on the grounds that the millimeter radiation penetrates only the outer layer of the skin. Skin cells can also secrete mediators that cause changes in ionic calcium channels and the level of calcium in the cells. The interest in these works is justified by the fact that currently the sources of monochromatic millimeter radiation will be spread with new communication systems. The risks of their biological action should be taken into account when emitters are installed.
References
Cleveland RF, Ulcek JL. Questions and Answers about Biological Effects and Potential Hazards of Radiofrequency Electromagnetic Fields. 1999. Available from: https://transition.fcc.gov/Bureaus/Engineering_Technology/Documents/bulletins/oet56/oet56e4.pdf.
Bingi VN, Savin AV. Effects of weak magnetic fields on biological systems: physical aspects. Physics-Uspekhi. 2003;46(3):259-91. DOI: 10.1070/PU2003v046n03ABEH001283
Halberg F, Cornelissen-Guillaume GG, Otsuka K, Watanabe Y, Katinas GS, Burioka N, et al. Cross-spectrally coherent ~ 10.5- and 21-year biological and physical cycles, magnetic storms and myocardial infarctions. Neuroendocrinology Letters. 2000;21(3):233-58.
Martynyuk VS, Vladimirsky BM, Temuryants NA. Biological rhythms and electromagnetic fields of the habitat. Geophysical processes and biosphere. 2006;5(1):5-23.
Lewczuk B, Redlarski G, Żak A, Ziółkowska N, Przybylska-Gornowicz B, Krawczuk M. Influence of Electric, Magnetic, and Electromagnetic Fields on the Circadian System: Current Stage of Knowledge. BioMed Research International. 2014;2014:169459. DOI: 10.1155/2014/169459
Zhang X, Yarema K, Xu A. Biological Effects of Static Magnetic Fields. Singapore: Springer Singapore; 2017, 220 p. DOI: 10.1007/978-981-10-3579-1
Berdonosov SS. Microwave chemistry. Soros Educational Magazine. 2001;7(1):32-8.
Gandhi OP, Riazi A. Absorption of Millimeter Waves by Human Beings and its Biological Implications. IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques. 1986;34(2):228-35. DOI: 10.1109/TMTT.1986.1133316
Fröhlich H. Long-range coherence and energy storage in biological systems. International Journal of Quantum Chemistry. 1968;2(5):641-9. DOI: 10.1002/qua.560020505
Fröhlich H. Bose condensation of strongly excited longitudinal electric modes. Physics Letters A. 1968;26(9):402-3. DOI: 10.1016/0375-9601(68)90242-9
Mazurek PA, Naumchuk OM, Kot K, Wdowiak A, Zybała M. Exposure of high frequency electromagnetic fields in the living environment. European Journal of Medical Technologies. 2018;4(21):33-9.
Bandara P, Weller S. Cardiovascular disease: Time to identify emerging environmental risk factors. European Journal of Preventive Cardiology. 2017;24(17):1819-23. DOI: 10.1177/2047487317734898
Habash RWY, Brodsky LM, Leiss W, Krewski D, Repacholi M. Health Risks of Electromagnetic Fields. Part II: Evaluation and Assessment of Radio Frequency Radiation. Critical Reviews in Biomedical Engineering. 2003;31(3):197-254. DOI: 10.1615/CritRevBiomedEng.v31.i3.20
Hardell L, Sage C. Biological effects from electromagnetic field exposure and public exposure standards. Biomedicine & Pharmacotherapy. 2008;62(2):104-9. DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2007.12.004
Sage C, Carpenter DO. Public health implications of wireless technologies. Pathophysiology. 2009;16(2-3):233-46. DOI: 10.1016/j.pathophys.2009.01.011
Hardell L, Carlberg M. Mobile phones, cordless phones and the risk for brain tumours. International Journal of Oncology. 2009;35(1):5-17. DOI: 10.3892/ijo_00000307
Waldmann-Selsam C, Balmori-de la Puente A, Breunig H, Balmori A. Radiofrequency radiation injures trees around mobile phone base stations. Science of The Total Environment. 2016;572:554-69. DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.08.045
Halgamuge MN. Review: Weak radiofrequency radiation exposure from mobile phone radiation on plants. Electromagnetic Biology and Medicine. 2017;36(2):213-35. DOI: 10.1080/15368378.2016.1220389
Warnke U. Bees, birds and mankind. Destroying nature by "Electrosmog": effects of wireless communication technologies. Kempten; 2009.
Balmori A. Electromagnetic pollution from phone masts. Effects on wildlife. Pathophysiology. 2009;16(2-3):191-9. DOI: 10.1016/j.pathophys.2009.01.007
Cammaerts M-C, Johansson O. Ants can be used as bio-indicators to reveal biological effects of electromagnetic waves from some wireless apparatus. Electromagnetic Biology and Medicine. 2014;33(4):282-8. DOI: 10.3109/15368378.2013.817336
Kumar NR, Sangwan S, Badotra P. Exposure to cell phone radiations produces biochemical changes in worker honey bees. Toxicology International. 2011;18(1):70-2. DOI: 10.4103/0971-6580.75869
Balmori A. Efectos de las radiaciones electromagnéticas de la telefonía móvil sobre los insectos. Ecosistemas. 2006;15(1):87-95.
Margaritis LH, Manta AK, Kokkaliaris KD, Schiza D, Alimisis K, Barkas G, et al. Drosophila oogenesis as a bio-marker responding to EMF sources. Electromagnetic Biology and Medicine. 2014;33(3):165-89. DOI: 10.3109/15368378.2013.800102
Broomhall M. Report detailing the exodus of species from the Mt. Nardi area of the Nightcap National Park World Heritage Area during a 15-year period (2000-2015). Available from: https://ehtrust.org/wp-content/uploads/Mt-Nardi-Wildlife-Report-to-UNESCO-FINAL.pdf.
Balmori A. Possible Effects of Electromagnetic Fields from Phone Masts on a Population of White Stork (Ciconia ciconia). Electromagnetic Biology and Medicine. 2005;24(2):109-19. DOI: 10.1080/15368370500205472
Kordas D. Birds and Trees of Northern Greece: Changes since the Advent of 4G Wireless. 2017. Available from: https://einarflydal.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/08/kordas-birds-and-trees-of-northern-greece-2017-final.pdf.
Balmori A. Mobile Phone Mast Effects on Common Frog (Rana temporaria) Tadpoles: The City Turned into a Laboratory. Electromagnetic Biology and Medicine. 2010;29(1-12):31-5. DOI: 10.3109/15368371003685363
Balmori A. The incidence of electromagnetic pollution on wild mammals: A new "poison" with a slow effect on nature? The Environmentalist. 2010;30(1):90-7. DOI: 10.1007/s10669-009-9248-y
Magras IN, Xenos TD. RF radiation‐induced changes in the prenatal development of mice. Bioelectromagnetics. 1997;18(6):455-61. DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1521-186x(1997)18:63.0.co;2-1
Otitoloju A, Osunkalu V, Oduware R, Obe I, Adewale A. Haematological effects of radiofrequency radiation from GSM base stations on four successive generations (F1–F4) of albino mice, Mus Musculus. Journal of Environmental and Occupational Science. 2012;1(1):17-22. DOI: 10.5455/jeos.20120602121540
Ahlbom A, Green A, Kheifets L, Savitz D, Swerdlow A. Epidemiology of Health Effects of Radiofrequency Exposure. Environmental Health Perspectives. 2004;112(17):1741-54. DOI: 10.1289/ehp.7306
Saunders RD, Croft RJ, van Rongen E. Biological Effects and Health Consequences of ELF and RF Fields. In: Comprehensive Biomedical Physics. Oxford: Elsevier; vol. 7, 2014, pp. 323-53. DOI: 10.1016/B978-0-444-53632-7.00816-9
Tomashevska LA, Kravchun TE, Lemeshko LP, Didyk NV, Bezverkha AP. To the issue of biological effects of electromagnetic radiation. Hygiene of inhabited places. 2013;(62):193-9.
Zhi W-J, Wang L-F, Hu X-J. Recent advances in the effects of microwave radiation on brains. Military Medical Research. 2017;4(1):29. DOI: 10.1186/s40779-017-0139-0
Grigor'ev IuG, Grigor'ev KA. [The electromagnetic fields of the base stations of mobile radio communication and ecology. The estimation of danger of the base station EMF for population and for bioecosystems]. Radiatsionnaia Biologiia, Radioecologiia. 2005;45(6):726-31.
Baste V, Moen BE, Oftedal G, Strand LA, Bjørge L, Mild KH. Pregnancy Outcomes After Paternal Radiofrequency Field Exposure Aboard Fast Patrol Boats. Journal of Occupational & Environmental Medicine. 2012;54(4):431-8. DOI: 10.1097/JOM.0b013e3182445003
Hillert L, Berglind N, Arnetz BB, Bellander T. Prevalence of self-reported hypersensitivity to electric or magnetic fields in a population-based questionnaire survey. Scandinavian Journal of Work, Environment & Health. 2002;28(1):33-41. DOI: 10.5271/sjweh.644
Rubin GJ, Hillert L, Nieto‐Hernandez R, van Rongen E, Oftedal G. Do people with idiopathic environmental intolerance attributed to electromagnetic fields display physiological effects when exposed to electromagnetic fields? A systematic review of provocation studies. Bioelectromagnetics. 2011;32(8):593-609. DOI: 10.1002/bem.20690
Bogers RP, van Gils A, Clahsen SCS, Vercruijsse W, van Kamp I, Baliatsas C, et al. Individual variation in temporal relationships between exposure to radiofrequency electromagnetic fields and non-specific physical symptoms: A new approach in studying 'electrosensitivity'. Environment International. 2018;121(pt 1):297-307. DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2018.08.064
Moskvin SV, Sokolovskaya LV, Subbotina TI, Khadartsev AA, Yashin AA, Yashin MA. Pathogenic effects of non-ionizing radiation on the human body. Moscow, Tver, Tula: Triada, 2007, 157 p.
Betsky OV, Yaremenko YuG. Skin and electromagnetic waves. Millimeter, waves in biology and medicine. 1998;(1(11):3-15.
Gurvich EB, Novokhatskaia EA, Rubtsova NB. [Mortality of people residing near electric power supply line with voltage of 500 kV]. Meditsina Truda i Promyshlennaia Ekologiia. 1996;(9):23-7.
Volkow ND, Tomasi D, Wang G-J, Vaska P, Fowler JS, Telang F, et al. Effects of Cell Phone Radiofrequency Signal Exposure on Brain Glucose Metabolism. JAMA. 2011;305(8):808-13. DOI: 10.1001/jama.2011.186
Medeiros LN, Sanchez TG. Tinnitus and cell phones: the role of electromagnetic radiofrequency radiation. Brazilian Journal of Otorhinolaryngology. 2016;82(1):97-104. DOI: 10.1016/j.bjorl.2015.04.013
Eghlidospour M, Ghanbari A, Mortazavi SMJ, Azari H. Effects of radiofrequency exposure emitted from a GSM mobile phone on proliferation, differentiation, and apoptosis of neural stem cells. Anatomy & Cell Biology. 2017;50(2):115-23. DOI: 10.5115/acb.2017.50.2.115
Deshmukh PS, Nasare N, Megha K, Banerjee BD, Ahmed RS, Singh D, et al. Cognitive Impairment and Neurogenotoxic Effects in Rats Exposed to Low-Intensity Microwave Radiation. International Journal of Toxicology. 2015;34(3):284-90. DOI: 10.1177/1091581815574348
Belokrinitsky VS. Changes in brain cells under prolonged exposure to microwave radiation of weak intensities (50, 25, 10, 5 μW/cm2) and their significance for the body. Hygiene of inhabited places. 2006;(48):224-31.
Zothansiama, Zosangzuali M, Lalramdinpuii M, Jagetia GC. Impact of radiofrequency radiation on DNA damage and antioxidants in peripheral blood lymphocytes of humans residing in the vicinity of mobile phone base stations. Electromagnetic Biology and Medicine. 2017;36(3):295-305. DOI: 10.1080/15368378.2017.1350584
Narayanan SN, Kumar RS, Potu BK, Nayak S, Mailankot M. Spatial Memory Perfomance of Wistar Rats Exposed to Mobile Phone. Clinics. 2009;64(3):231-4. DOI: 10.1590/S1807-59322009000300014
Houston BJ, Nixon B, King BV, De Iuliis GN, Aitken RJ. The effects of radiofrequency electromagnetic radiation on sperm function. Reproduction. 2016;152(6):R263-R276. DOI: DOI:10.1530/REP-16-0126
Han J, Cao Z, Liu X, Zhang W, Zhang S. [Effect of early pregnancy electromagnetic field exposure on embryo growth ceasing]. Wei Sheng Yan Jiu. 2010;39(3):349-52.
Salford LG, Brun AE, Eberhardt JL, Malmgren L, Persson BRR. Nerve cell damage in mammalian brain after exposure to microwaves from GSM mobile phones. Environmental Health Perspectives. 2003;111(7):881-3. DOI: 10.1289/ehp.6039
Bilokrynytsky V. Microwave pathology of the brain as a result of SHF field influence. Visnyk of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine. 2007;(5):23-9.
Milham S. Evidence that dirty electricity is causing the worldwide epidemics of obesity and diabetes. Electromagnetic Biology and Medicine. 2014;33(1):75-8. DOI: 10.3109/15368378.2013.783853
Herbert M, Sage C. Findings in Autism (ASD) Consistent with Electromagnetic Fields (EMF) and Radiofrequency Radiation (RFR). BioInitiative. 2012.
Kane RC. A possible association between fetal/neonatal exposure to radiofrequency electromagnetic radiation and the increased incidence of Autism Spectrum Disorders (ASD). Medical Hypotheses. 2004;62(2):195-7. DOI: 10.1016/S0306-9877(03)00309-8
Divan HA, Kheifets L, Obel C, Olsen J. Cell phone use and behavioural problems in young children. Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health. 2012;66(6):524-9. DOI: 10.1136/jech.2010.115402
Li D-K, Chen H, Odouli R. Maternal Exposure to Magnetic Fields During Pregnancy in Relation to the Risk of Asthma in Offspring. Archives of Pediatrics & Adolescent Medicine. 2011;165(10):945-50. DOI: 10.1001/archpediatrics.2011.135
IARC Press Release No. 208 dated May 31, 2011. IARC classifies radiofrequency electromagnetic fields as possibly carcinogenic to humans.
Golant MB, Vilenskaya RA, Zyulina EA, Kaplun ZF, Negirev AA, Parilov VA, et al. A series of wide-range, low-power generators in the millimeter and submillimeter range. Instruments and Experimental Technique. 1965;(4):136-9.
Zalyubovskaya NP. Reactions of Living Organisms to Exposure to Millimeter-band Electromagnetic Waves. Soviet Physics Uspekhi. 1974;16(4):574-6. DOI: 10.1070/PU1974v016n04ABEH005316
Kiselev RI, Zalyubovskaya NP. Effects of Millimeter-band Electromagnetic Waves in the Cell and Certain Structural Elements of the Cell. Soviet Physics Uspekhi. 1974;16(4):576-7. DOI: 10.1070/PU1974v016n04ABEH005323
Zalyubovskaya NP. Biological effect of millimeter radiowaves. Vrachebnoye Delo. 1977;(3):116-9.
Zalyubovskaya NP, Kiselev RI. Principles and criteria for assessing the effects of millimeter-wave electromagnetic fields on biological objects. Vestnik KhGU. 1975;130(4):138-41.
Zalyubovskaya NP, Kiselev RI. Biological oxidation in the cell under the action of millimeter-wave radio waves. Cytology and Genetics. 1978;12(3):232-6.
Smolyanskaya AZ, Vilenskaya RL. Effects of Millimeter-band Electromagnetic Radiation on the Functional Activity of Certain Genetic Elements of Bacterial Cells. Soviet Physics Uspekhi. 1974;16(4):571-2. DOI: 10.1070/PU1974v016n04ABEH005311
Grundler W, Keilmann F, Fröhlich H. Resonant growth rate response of yeast cells irradiated by weak microwaves. Physics Letters A. 1977;62(6):463-6. DOI: 10.1016/0375-9601(77)90696-X
Andreev EA, Bely MU, Karachentseva AI, Kislaya LV, Marinchenko LV, Yakunov AV. Resonant reaction of yeast cells to the influence of a low-intensity electromagnetic field of the millimeter range. News of Higher Educational Institutions. Food Technology. 1990;(2-3):30-1.
Taheri M, Mortazavi SMJ, Moradi M, Mansouri S, Hatam GR, Nouri F. Evaluation of the Effect of Radiofrequency Radiation Emitted From Wi-Fi Router and Mobile Phone Simulator on the Antibacterial Susceptibility of Pathogenic Bacteria Listeria monocytogenes and Escherichia coli. Dose-Response. 2017;15(1):1559325816688527. DOI: 10.1177/1559325816688527
Cherkasov IS, Nedzvetsky VA, Gilenko AV. Biomedical effects of millimeter radio waves. Ophthalmological Journal. 1978;(3):187-90.
Andreev EA, Bely MU, Sitko SP. Manifestation of the human body’s own characteristic frequencies. Reports of the Academy of Sciences of the Ukrainian SSR. 1984;(10):60-3.
Andreev EA, Bely MU, Sitko SP. The reaction of the human body to electromagnetic radiation millimeter range. Bulletin of the USSR Academy of Sciences. 1985;(1):24-32.
Michaelson SM. Microwave and Radiofrequency Radiation. ICP/CEP 803. Copenhagen: Regional Office for Europe, World Health Organization; 1977, 98 p.
Michaelson SM. Biological Effects and Health Hazards of RF and MW Energy: Fundamentals and Overall Phenomenology. In: Biological Effects and Dosimetry of Nonionizing Radiation, vol. 49. Boston, MA: Springer; 1983, pp. 337-57. DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4684-4253-3_15
Keilmann F. Experimental RF and MW Resonant Nonthermal Effects. In: Biological Effects and Dosimetry of Nonionizing Radiation, vol. 49. Boston, MA: Springer; 1983, pp. 283-97. DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4684-4253-3_12
Grundler W, Keilmann F. Sharp Resonances in Yeast Growth Prove Nonthermal Sensitivity to Microwaves. Physical Review Letters. 1983;51(13):1214-6. DOI: 10.1103/PhysRevLett.51.1214
Khabarova O, Dimitrova S. On the Nature of People's Reaction to Space Weather and Meteorological Weather Changes. Sun and Geosphere. 2009;4(2):60-71.
Khabarova OV. Bioeffective frequencies and their coupling with own frequencies of alive organisms. Biomedical Technologies and Radio Electronics. 2002;5:56-66.
Titushkin IA, Rao VS, Pickard WF, Moros EG, Shafirstein G, Cho MR. Altered Calcium Dynamics Mediates P19-Derived Neuron-Like Cell Responses to Millimeter-Wave Radiation. Radiation Research. 2009;172(6):725-36. DOI: 10.1667/RR1760.1
Sun S, Titushkin I, Varner J, Cho M. Millimeter Wave-induced Modulation of Calcium Dynamics in an Engineered Skin Co-culture Model: Role of Secreted ATP on Calcium Spiking. Journal of Radiation Research. 2012;53(2):159-67. DOI: 10.1269/jrr.11037
Yang S-C, Lin H-C, Liu T-M, Lu J-T, Hung W-T, Huang Y-R, et al. Efficient Structure Resonance Energy Transfer from Microwaves to Confined Acoustic Vibrations in Viruses. Scientific Reports. 2016;5:18030. DOI: 10.1038/srep18030
Grundler W, Keilmann F, Putterlik V, Santo L, Strube D, Zimmermann I. Nonthermal Resonant Effects of 42 GHz Microwaves on the Growth of Yeast Cultures. In: Coherent Excitations in Biological Systems. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer; 1983, pp. 21-37. DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-69186-7_4
Binhi VN, Savin AV. Molecular gyroscopes and biological effects of weak extremely low-frequency magnetic fields. Physical Review E. 2002;65(5):051912. DOI: 10.1103/PhysRevE.65.051912
Binhi VN, Prato FS. Rotations of macromolecules affect nonspecific biological responses to magnetic fields. Scientific Reports. 2018;8(1):13495. DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-31847-y
Siddiqi N, Al Nazwani N. Effects of Electromagnetic Field on the Development of Chick Embryo: An In Vivo Study. In: Electromagnetic Fields and Waves. IntechOpen; 2019. DOI: 10.5772/intechopen.84704
Adang D, Remacle C, Vorst AV. Results of a Long-Term Low-Level Microwave Exposure of Rats. IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques. 2009;57(10):2488-97. DOI: 10.1109/TMTT.2009.2029667
Mortazavi SMJ, Mahbudi A, Atefi M, Bagheri Sh, Bahaedini N, Besharati A. An old issue and a new look: Electromagnetic hypersensitivity caused by radiations emitted by GSM mobile phones. Technology and Health Care. 2011;19(6):435-43. DOI: 10.3233/THC-2011-0641
Uysal I, Hohberger C, Rasmussen RS, Ulrich DA, Emond J-P, Gutierrez A. Effects of Radio Frequency Identification-Related Radiation on In Vitro Biologics. PDA Journal of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology. 2012;66(4):333-45. DOI: 10.5731/pdajpst.2012.00875
Warille AA, Altun G, Elamin AA, Kaplan AA, Mohamed H, Yurt KK, El Elhaj A. Skeptical approaches concerning the effect of exposure to electromagnetic fields on brain hormones and enzyme activities. Journal of Microscopy and Ultrastructure. 2017;5(4):177-84. DOI: 10.1016/j.jmau.2017.09.002
Romanenko S, Begley R, Harvey AR, Hool L, Wallace VP. The interaction between electromagnetic fields at megahertz, gigahertz and terahertz frequencies with cells, tissues and organisms: risks and potential. Journal of The Royal Society Interface. 2017;14(137):20170585. DOI: 10.1098/rsif.2017.0585
Devyatkov ND, Golant MB, Rebrova TB. On the possibility of using coherent electromagnetic information signals of living organisms for the diagnosis and treatment of diseases. Electronic equipment. Series: Microwave Electronics. 1983;(4(352):49-51.
Klyichnyiyazova MM, Kutsenok VA, Pyasetskiy VI. EMF peptic ulcer treatment. In: Proccedings of the 1st All-Union Coordination Meeting on Sharing Experience in Using Low-Power Millimeter-Band EMR for Medical Grade. Moscow: IRE AN USSR; 1984. p. 18.
Andreev EA, Bely MU, Kutsenok VA, et al. The physical basis of the microwave (bioresonance) correction of the physiological conditions of the human body. In: Application of low-intensity millimeter radiation in biology and medicine. Мoscow; 1985, pp. 58-82.
Romodanov AP, Gostev VI, Lyashchenko DS, Kaydash IN. Antenna properties of acupuncture needles. Vrachebnoye Delo. 1984;(8):93-6.
Grachev VI, Kolesov VV. Methods and apparatus for EHF-puncture therapy. Radioelectronics. Nanosystems. Information Technology. 2009;1(1-2):171-94.
Zemskov VS, Korpan NN, Khokhlich YI, Pavlenko VA, Nazarenko LS, Kovalchuk AI, et al. The effect of low-intensity millimeter-wave electromagnetic radiation on wound healing. Clinical Surgery. 1988;(1):31-3.
Gasanov LG, Pisanko OI, Pyasetsky VI. The use of low-intensity electromagnetic EHF for the treatment of uncomplicated gastroduodenal ulcers. Electronic Industry. 1987;(1):31-3.
Gasanov LG, Pyasetskiy VI, Pisanko OI. The role of the environmental factor in the interaction of low-intensity electromagnetic fields of extremely high frequency with the human body. Visnyk of the NAS of Ukraine. 1988;10:33-8.
Gasanov LG, Pisanko OI, Pyasetsky VI. Devices "Electronics-EHF" and their use in biology and medicine. Kyiv: Znaniye; 1990, p. 26.
Pyasetsky VI, Bakharev AM, Pisanko OI, Kutsenok VA, Babichenko ME. Clinical and instrumental studies of physiological reactions in EHF-therapy of peptic ulcer. In: Millimeter Waves in Medicine, vol. 1. Мoscow; 1991, pp. 16-31.
Markov MS. Expanding Use of Pulsed Electromagnetic Field Therapies. Electromagnetic Biology and Medicine. 2007;26(3):257-74. DOI: 10.1080/15368370701580806
Consales C, Merla C, Marino C, Benassi B. Electromagnetic Fields, Oxidative Stress, and Neurodegeneration. International Journal of Cell Biology. 2012;2012:683897. DOI: 10.1155/2012/683897
Markov M. XXIst century magnetotherapy. Electromagnetic Biology and Medicine. 2015;34(3):190-6. DOI: 10.3109/15368378.2015.1077338
Shigemitsu T, Ueno S. Biological and Health Effects of Electromagnetic Fields Related to the Operation of MRI/TMS. Spin. 2017;7(4):1740009. DOI: 10.1142/S2010324717400094
Voychuk SI. Saccharomyces cerevisiae as a model organism for studying the carcinogenicity of non-ionizing electromagnetic fields and radiation. Microbiological Journal. 2014;76(1):53-61.
Hardell L, Nyberg R. Appeals that matter or not on a moratorium on the deployment of the fifth generation, 5G, for microwave radiation. Molecular and Clinical Oncology. 2020;12(3):247-57. DOI: 10.3892/mco.2020.1984
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2020 The Author(s)

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
The ownership of copyright remains with the Authors.
Authors may use their own material in other publications provided that the Journal is acknowledged as the original place of publication and National Technical University of Ukraine “Igor Sikorsky Kyiv Polytechnic Institute” as the Publisher.
Authors are reminded that it is their responsibility to comply with copyright laws. It is essential to ensure that no part of the text or illustrations have appeared or are due to appear in other publications, without prior permission from the copyright holder.
IBB articles are published under Creative Commons licence:- Authors retain copyright and grant the journal right of first publication with the work simultaneously licensed under CC BY 4.0 that allows others to share the work with an acknowledgement of the work's authorship and initial publication in this journal.
- Authors are able to enter into separate, additional contractual arrangements for the non-exclusive distribution of the journal's published version of the work (e.g., post it to an institutional repository or publish it in a book), with an acknowledgement of its initial publication in this journal.
- Authors are permitted and encouraged to post their work online (e.g., in institutional repositories or on their website) prior to and during the submission process, as it can lead to productive exchanges, as well as earlier and greater citation of published work.